Lau v. Nichols The Case and Its Impact

Lau v. Nichols (1974) was a Supreme Court case that  examined whether federally funded schools must offer supplementary English language courses to non-English-speaking students. The case centered on the San Francisco Unified School District (SFUSD)s 1971 decision  not  to provide 1,800 non-English-speaking students with a way to improve their English proficiency, despite the fact that all public school classes were taught in English. The Supreme Court ruled that refusing to provide non-English-speaking students with supplemental language courses violated the California Education Code and Section 601 of ​the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The unanimous decision pushed public schools to develop plans to increase the linguistic skills of students for whom English was a second language.​ Fast Facts: Lau v. Nichols Case Argued: December 10, 1973Decision Issued:  January 21, 1974Petitioner: Kinney Kinmon Lau, et alRespondent: Alan H. Nichols, et alKey Question: Is a school district in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment or the Civil Rights Act of 1964 if it fails to provide non-English speaking students with supplemental English language classes and teaches in English only?Unanimous Decision: Justices Burger, Douglas, Brennan, Stewart, White, Marshall, Blackmun, Powell, and RehnquistRuling: Failure to provide supplemental English language instruction to students who spoke no English constituted a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act because it deprived those students of an opportunity to participate public education. Facts of the Case In 1971, a federal decree integrated the San Francisco Unified School District. As a result, the district became responsible for the education of over 2,800 non-English-speaking students of Chinese ancestry.  Ã‚   All classes  were taught in English in accordance  with the district handbook.  The school system provided supplemental materials to improve English language proficiency to approximately one thousand of the non-English-speaking students, but failed to provide any additional instruction or materials to  the remaining 1,800 students. Lau, along with other students, filed a class action suit against the district, arguing that the lack of supplemental materials violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Section 601 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits programs that receive  federal assistance from discriminating based on race, color or national origin. Constitutional Issues Under the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, is a school district required to provide supplemental English language materials for students whose primary language is not English? The Arguments Twenty years before Lau v. Nichols, Brown v. Board of Education (1954) struck down the â€Å"separate but equal† concept for educational facilities and found that keeping students separated by race was inherently unequal under the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Lau’s attorneys used this ruling to support their argument. They contended that if the school taught all core requirement classes in English but did not provide supplemental English language courses, it violated the equal protection clause, because it did not afford non-native English speakers the same learning opportunities as native speakers. Lau’s attorneys also relied on Section 601 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to show that programs receiving federal funding could not discriminate based on race, color or national origin. Failing to provide supplemental courses to help students of Chinese ancestry was a form of discrimination, according to Lau’s attorneys. Counsel for SFUSD argued that the lack of supplemental English language courses did not violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. They contended that the school had provided Lau and other students of Chinese ancestry with the same materials and instruction as students of other races and ethnicities. Before the case reached the Supreme Court, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals sided with SFUSD because the district proved that they had not caused the deficiency in the English language level of the students. SFUSDs counsel argued that the district should not have to account for the fact that every student starts school with a different educational background and language proficiency. Majority Opinion The Court chose not to address the Fourteenth Amendment claim that the school district’s conduct violated the equal protection clause. Instead, they reached their opinion using the California Education Code in the SFUSD Handbook and Section 601 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1973, the California Education Code required that: Children between the ages of 6 and 16 attend full-time classes taught in English.A student cannot graduate from a grade if they have not achieved English proficiency.Bilingual instruction is permitted as long as it does not interfere with regular English course instruction. Under these guidelines, the Court found that the school could not claim it was giving non-native speakers the same access to education as native speakers. â€Å"Basic English skills are at the very core of what these public schools teach,† the Court opined. â€Å"Imposition of a requirement that, before a child can effectively participate in the educational program, he must already have acquired those basic skills is to make a mockery of public education.† In order to receive federal funding, a school district needs to comply with the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Department of Health, Education,  and Welfare (HEW) regularly issued guidelines to help schools adhere to sections the Civil Rights Act. In 1970, the HEW guidelines mandated that schools â€Å"take affirmative steps† to help students overcome language deficiencies. The Court found that SFUSD had not taken â€Å"affirmative steps† to help those 1,800 students increase  their English language level, thus violating Section 601 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Impact The Lau v. Nichols case ended in a  unanimous decision in favor of bilingual instruction to help non-native English speaking students improve their English language competency. The case eased the transition into education for students whose first language was not English. However, some argue that the Supreme Court left the question unresolved. The Court never specified what steps the school district needed to take in order to decrease English language deficiencies. Under Lau, schools districts must provide some sort of supplemental instruction, but how much and to what end remained up to their discretion. The lack of defined standards resulted in many federal court cases which attempted to further define the schools role in English-as-a-second-language curriculums.   Sources Lau v.  Nichols, U.S. 563 (1974).Mock, Brentin. â€Å"How Schools Continue to Deny Civil Rights Protections for Immigrant Students.†Ã‚  CityLab, 1 July 2015, www.citylab.com/equity/2015/07/how-us-schools-are-failing-immigrant-children/397427/.

Is Eminem Or His Ego Slim Shady - 2234 Words

Eminem. The name is internationally known, almost notoriously, and for good reason. Marshall Mathers, better known as Eminem or his alter ego Slim Shady has outsold every other artist in a still predominately African American genre, rap (Allison, 2002). Not only that, he’s one of the highest selling artists in any genre as a male solo artist. This feat is even more impressive when you consider the fact that his body of work, especially once he first got big was very controversial with critics stating that he was homophobic, sexist, and outright offensive (White, 2006). If you were a teenager growing up in the late 1990’s there was barely one as â€Å"hot† as Eminem in terms of hype and popularity. He has won several Grammy awards as well as an Academy Award (Calhoun, 2005) – quite impressive considering his slow rise to fame and humble beginnings. Today, there is no shortage of white rappers to listen to, and recently some have had decent success such as Yelawolf, Machine Gun Kelly and Mac Miller, but no other Caucasian rapper has had nearly the impact Eminem has had. His fame came when he was nearing his 30’s, but his rise to super stardom came rapidly once he was introduced to a wider audience. White rappers at the time didn’t exactly have the best reputation. The biggest white rapper, really, until then was another notorious artist – Vanilla Ice. Best known for his huge hit â€Å"Ice Ice Baby†. 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Concepts of Nursing Models and Theories

Question: Discuss about the Concepts of Nursing Models and Theories. Answer: Introduction: Nursing models originally developed from the US in the 1960s, where numerous important technological, social, and cultural events were occurring at that point of time. Around that time, this profession was intensely affected by the specialists, who trusted that one of the trademarks was the ownership of a one of a kind, group of learning. The early medical attendant scholars felt it was exceptionally essential for nurses to have the capacity for demonstrating that they had knowledge of learning particular to nursing, and models were one method for accomplishing this (Alligood, 2013). Historically, both the hypothesis and routine of nursing had been intensely impacted and directed by the objectives of medicines, a position propagated through the disciple style way to deal with the education and the training of the nurse. The "medical model" focused on diagnosis, treatment, and cure of physical ailment. Creating concerns among nurses over the appropriateness of the medical model that added main thrust to the advancement of models for nursing. It was foreseen that models of nursing would receive, symbolizes and expresses the specific concerns and reason for nursing and build up that immeasurably imperative learning base normal for expert status(Capan et al., 2014). There were few troubles in the improvement of such a model, not minimum of which was an obvious absence of a meaning of nursing. In the attempt for recognizing and developing a collection of information interesting to nursing, the early nurses scholars and model developers were exceedingly affected by conventional science. They utilized "scientific" methods and shared the objective of attempting to create speculations about, or for, nursing that could be "tested" by research (Huber, 2013). There was additionally an enthusiasm for methodically portraying and breaking down main ideas that thought to be essential in nursing practice, which can be found in the work on the idea of care. The presentation in the 1970s of the possibility of the nursing procedure as a four phase critical thinking technique for upgrading the conveyance of care to the individual was an essential vehicle in the use of nursing models to clinical practice. The qualities, convictions and speculations for care inside a given model of nursing could be utilized for managing the appraisal, arranging, execution and assessment of nursing care. The nursing procedure, such as nursing models, was not without its commentators (Blais, 2015). Progressively, it was addressed whether the proposed direct critical thinking way for dealing with care conveyance was a legitimate impression of the way of clinical basic leadership, especially for experienced attendants. At an essential level, there are three key components to a nursing model: A set of convictions and qualities; An articulation of the objective the medical attendant is attempting to accomplish; The information and abilities the attendant needs to practice A vital initial phase in the advancement of thoughts regarding nursing was for attempting and distinguishing the center ideas fundamental to nursing, then to recognize the convictions and values around those (Ivanov et al., 2016). After an extensive argument, there was some support appeared to the possibility that nursing comprises of four key ideas: individual; health; condition; and nursing. Nursing models may have these four ideas as their foundations yet each portrays them a little in an unexpected way. For instance, the arrangements of convictions and qualities may be distinctive and henceforth the objective of nursing and the information and abilities required may shift (Dubois et al., 2013). The early scholars drew consideration on different orders for building up their thoughts and for giving their model an alternative point of view. For instance, framework speculations are attracted broad route in pondering individuals as a framework that makes progress toward steadiness. Ai lment is in this manner a stressor which can de-balance out an individual, and individuals then need assistance from nurses to recover fast and to be stabilize. Analysts attracted on mental speculations for conceptualizing nursing as a relational procedure for helping the patients with emotional well-being issues. In doing as such, they need to add the acknowledgment of the therapeutic capability of nursing. There was no endeavor to endorse one model that would fit all of nursing; however each model offers an alternative picture of nursing. Nurses who ever are practicing would choose - and change if necessary - a model for serving their necessities and for those, of their patients (Jones, Wallis Parsons, 2016). The presentation and utilization of nursing models was thought to convey generous advantages to nursing, nurses and patients. As far as nursing, it was a genuine and conferred endeavor to build up an information base that would make it novel from different orders, specifically pharmaceutical. The expectation was that, in concocting models of and for nursing, hypotheses of and for nursing could be created, tried and, eventually, added to the calling's information base (Maillet, Mathieu Sicotte, 2015). Some portion of this information base would be an arrangement of clear thoughts regarding what nursing is, the thing that its qualities are, and it commits for making to social insurance. While, it may not have been possible for coming up with any grand theory of nursing, it was likewise trusted that these models would prompt the advancement of extremely realistic hypothetical apparatuses to help nurture in their ordinary practice. Another advantage of nursing models was that they could offer a valuable arrangement of systems to guide practice and training. At the point when collaborated with the nursing procedure, a model could give shape and a structure to the nursing evaluation, empowering an attention on the patient and permitting clear recognizable proof of the nursing issues and consequently the nursing care the patient required. Such a system would likewise manage the arranging, usage and assessment periods of the procedure (Moon, 2013). An algorithm is a well ordered equation or set of standards for solving an issue. It is a schematic portrayal of the basic decision making process that made out of stream graphs with branching pathways that prompt some coveted result. Algorithmic decision-making requires the nurses for assessing a patient's condition utilizing an arrangement of inquiries with "yes" or "no" answers. A "yes" answer prompts one branch of the choice tree, a "no" response to another. The procedure prompts a prescribed activity. Algorithms are visual guides that attendants can use to manage their basic leadership when arranging and assessing care (Munro et al., 2016). They coordinate both appraisal and administration of a clinical issue and characterize the endpoint of the basic leadership prepare. In spite of the fact that algorithms make unequivocal the means required in settling on a choice, it is not a repetition procedure. Nurses still require sound basic intuition and appraisal aptitudes to execute t he algorithm in a protected and effective way. Nurses settle on choices consistently in clinical practice, the results of which specifically influence results of care. Since algorithms unmistakably show the stream of speculation in a consistent, well ordered approach, they can be utilized to instruct and refine medical attendants' aptitudes in clinical basic leadership. They help to distinguish crevices in evaluation and in addition mistakes in legitimate considering a clinical issue. Algorithms are particularly significant instruments for fledgling nurses who may need understanding and trust in their basic leadership. A very much made algorithm can make more effectiveness in care arranging, prompt nurses to catch up on basic observing, and help boost trust in the choices they make. Algorithms structure medical attendants' reasoning and help counteract imperfect choices that can possibly adversely influence results. Algorithms are visual guides that nurses can use to control their basic leadership when arranging and assessing car e (Ratliff et al., 2016). They coordinate both evaluation and administration of a clinical issue and characterize the endpoint of the basic leadership handle. In spite of the fact that algorithms make unequivocal the means required in settling on a choice, it is not a repetition procedure. Nurture still requires sound basic deduction and evaluation aptitudes to actualize the algorithm in a protected and proficient way. Medical attendants settle on choices consistently in clinical practice, the results of which straightforwardly influence results of care. Since algorithms obviously show the stream of deduction in a coherent, well ordered approach, they can be utilized to educate and refine medical attendants' abilities in clinical basic leadership. They help to distinguish crevices in appraisal and in addition mistakes in intelligent pondering a clinical issue. Algorithms are particularly profitable instruments for tenderfoot medical attendants who may need understanding and trust in their basic leadership (Song et al., 2015). An all around made algorithm can make more effectiveness in care arranging, prompt nurses to catch up on basic observing, and help augment trust in the choices they make. In spite of the fact that there are many points of interest to utilizing algorithms to help survey and oversee torment, potential issues related with them warrant exchange. Critics of algorithms contend that they are unbending and don't consider every one of the components, for example, comorbidities, medicinal and social histories, and potential medication sedate connection that must be considered in settling on sound clinical choices about treatment. It is not plausible to incorporate all conceivable possibilities with a algorithm nor is that the purpose. It is additionally imperative to underscore that, while algorithms are brilliant aides for clinical basic leadership, they are not substitutes for watchful perception and basic considering (Sandall et al., 2016). Algorithms are utilized as helps to basic leadership, not orders. Helen is an 80-year old occupant of Sunset Hills Nursing Home. She experiences a few incessant ailments, among them constant renal failure, hypertension, osteoporosis, and degenerative joint malady influencing a few joints, especially her correct hip and both knees. Over the previous week, Helen has habitually detailed agony. Preceding this, she had possessed the capacity to ambulate freely utilizing a walker. She now invests the vast majority of her energy in a wheelchair and requires direct help with exchanges. The nurses looking after Helen perceives that torment is a critical component restricting her versatility. The medical attendant is worried about her diminished level of working yet is unverifiable what treatment will be best in helping her recover her past level of autonomy (Spross, 2014). The primary basic stride toward dealing with Helen's agony is an intensive torment evaluation. The nurses alludes to the algorithm into guide the appraisal, starting with the oval in the upper left hand corner of the outline. The aim of a care pathway is to upgrade the nature of care over the continuum by enhancing hazard balanced patient results, advancing patient security, expanding understanding fulfillment, and streamlining the utilization of assets (Stanhope Lancater, 2015). They recognize five levels of Health OM: A care plan for each and every individual The care planning in care pathways The planning of the capacity of the equipment, the professionals and the space The planning of the total number of the patients who needs to be treated and the activities that is related to care The long term of the policy of any institution They stress the association between these five levels. They call attention to the normal troubles in bringing care pathways without considering any adjustments in booking frameworks for individual patients (level 1) and for instance the scope organization of the quantity of experts and gear (level 3). What's more, if a pathway builds the quantity of patients entering the framework, this will prompt choice on level 4 and 5. Care pathways as nursing model It is recognized in two sorts of logistic management of care procedures: Managing the units related to the care of the patient The management in the process of care such as Care pathways A care unit can be a health centre, an outpatient facility, a day mind focus, a lab, a radiology office, a working room or a nursing ward. In such a unit strategic administration is gone for upgrading the inhabitance rate of experts and hardware. For experts, for instance, it is about staying away from holes in the arrangement plan and about hardware, for example, a CT scan not being utilized. When overseeing care forms in organizations, it is vital to upgrade the aggregate stream time, or the aggregate sum of time a patient is under treatment inside the foundation. One approach can repudiate the other if the care pathway arranging and the scope quantification are not outfitted to each other (Stuart, 2014). The strengths of the care pathways can be mentioned as the shortening the span of the generation procedure with speedier finding by parallelization of sub-procedures each patient advantages. The prior the conclusion is set up, the sooner treatment can start and the shorter the time of vulnerability without determination. On the off chance that the treatment time is additionally shortened, a patient will recover faster. The other strength is the expanded intelligibility. More noteworthy consistency of care between various experts gives a superior review to the patient, lessens the danger of restricting feelings and treatments, and builds the opportunity for empowering the patient (Nilsen, 2015). It also helps in decreasing the risk of factors. Normally, the reduction in the chance of mistakes in analysis and in providing the treatment that works for the patient. The decrease of expenses can be of the other strength of caring pathways. Staying away from duplication (e.g. re-getting dat a from the patient, redundancy of a similar blood tests and re-entering individual data) is likewise for patients, experts and others. Shortening hospitalization and decreasing the quantity of outpatient visits prompts in lessening of expenses. The last favorable position is identified with expanding work satisfaction. Whenever systems and conventions are plainly characterized and composed between word related gatherings, there is more space for flexibility of activity. With this expanded self-sufficiency, a nurse can begin to act freely and work ahead. Committed, enthusiastic professionals give better care to the patient (Butcher et al., 2013). Mind pathways additionally have hypothetical weaknesses as specified here above. The primary inconvenience is the dehumanization of work. The connection between the wellbeing proficient and the patient is less individual; the care pathway lessens the patient's decisions. Besides, a greatest time for every patient may trade off the nature of care. In view of these time constrains some care suppliers in Holland contrast nursing concurring with a care pathway with stopwatch nursing and with wash roads for autos. The second hindrance is an expansion in expenses. Checking for blunders and deformities is an exorbitant action and gets the expert the position of being controlled, which could undoubtedly transform into doubt (Smith Liehr, 2013). Besides, the control of blunders and deformities may prompt more constrained access to the administer to patients with poor physical condition. For these patients have more serious danger of, for instance, postoperative contaminations, and a higher m ortality hazard. The third impediment is that a care pathway may prompt lower work fulfillment. In the event that experts get too little time to get ready and too little contact time inside the care pathway, this diminishes the likelihood of a right conclusion and treatment, and improves the probability of poor correspondence amongst patient and expert. It decreases the dedication and enthusiasm of experts. The last weakness is the decrease of differing qualities in the expert work. In the event that accomplished experts depend excessively on schedule, since they work inside one single care pathway and dependably observe similar sorts of patients, there is a possibility of expanding lack of interest, negativity and decreased compassion with the patient. The application of algorithm model of nursing in the pain of Helens pain management because it is considered to be the one of the best way possible in managing the pain. This model helps the nurses for instant decision making by helping them in the proper flow of the thinking in a logical way regarding any clinical problem. The evidence-based practiced mainly requires b y the nurse to be more knowledgeable based on the scientific methods mainly for the interventions and the potentiality for the application of the evidence for practicing. The algorithms Helen's nurses counseled guided her/him to play out an exhaustive torment evaluation that prompted the determination that a trial of a short-acting opioid was the proper initial moves toward better agony help. In spite of the fact that the algorithms furnished the nurses with a legitimate way to deal with basic leadership (Schimdt Brown, 2014), they didn't give point by point guidelines to playing out an intensive agony appraisal or recognizing particular opioids to use for overseeing torment. Successful utilization of the algorithms requires sound basic deduction aptitudes and in addition information of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic techniques for administration of industrious agony in more established grown-ups. Experiment shows, in any case, that attendants regularly need fundamental information of how to play out a careful torment evaluation and pharmaceuticals used to treat torment. In light of these learning shortfalls, algorithms are best displayed in a class as well as combined with asset materials that give essential torment appraisal and administration data (Winters, 2013). This exhaustive approach of training, support and algorithms is right now being tried in a governmentally financed review. Another approach that may demonstrate valuable is to create electronic variants of the algorithm with implanted connections to extra assets; this approach likewise is being. Algorithms give a valuable instrument to directing nursing rehearse and enhancing quiet results. Torment administration derives itself well for the utilization of algorithms for evaluation and treatment (Masters, 2015). Future nursing research utilizing algorithms to coordinate different parts of patient care is demonstrat ed. This progression focuses outs the differing quality of proof for a few components of the algorithm. A few topical specialists are utilized for torment, including lidocaine, capsaicin, and NSAID arrangements. Solid experimental confirmation supporting the utilization of topical pain relieving specialists is missing, especially for non-neuropathic torment. Nonetheless, they are prescribed as an underlying pain relieving system in the algorithm in view of their low harmfulness contrasted with most oral and parenteral analgesics and their absence of medication communications. Topical diclofenac and topical ibuprofen are the most generally contemplated of the topical NSAIDs. Helen's torment is direct to serious. Since she has not as of late taken normal measurements of opioids, the algorithm prompts starting with a short-acting opioid (SAO). The utilization of SAOs is proposed on the grounds that they can be titrated for agony help more quickly and securely than long-acting opioids (LAO). Likewise, ought to symptoms happen with the SAO, they can be more immediately oversaw than those related with LAOs. Hence, LOAs, for example, fentanyl patches and oxycodone augmented discharge ought not be utilized at first in more seasoned grown-ups who have not gotten opiates for possibly more than seven days. Helen's endless renal disappointment exhibits another basis for beginning with the shorter half life medications to limit lethality (Cherry Jacobs, 2016) Taking after start of new medicines for agony, the algorithm cautions the medical attendant to screen for symptoms. The medical attendant asked for a request for a stool conditioner and a stimulant purgative when the request for the opioid was gotten, realizing that blockage is a typical symptom. Over the underlying 72 hours, Helen was given PRN oxycodone 2.5 mg every day in the early morning to help her adapt to expanded torment when she first gets up. She encountered mellow laziness with the principal measurements of oxycodone, yet not with ensuing dosages. Helen keeps up edher consistent example of an every day defecation. The following stride in the algorithm happens alongside checking for reactions (Mill, Allen Morrow, 2016). Fruitful treatment relies on upon adjusting torment help with pain relieving reactions. Now and again, quick and extreme symptoms, for example, queasiness and regurgitating will require an adjustment in treatment before the human services group can decide whether the solution is viable. At different circumstances, symptoms happen and can be overseen, permitting adequate chance to survey the viability of the pharmaceutical on torment alleviation. The case of torment appraisal and administration displayed here is generally direct. In clinical practice, a few cases are this straightforward while others are definitely not. For example, a few cases require numerous trials of expanding dosages of analgesics (for which there are titration algorithms) or expansion of prescriptions for particular sorts of torment, for example, neuropathies (which requires the utilization of the neuropathic torment algorithm). Additionally, untoward reactions to analgesics may require the utilization of particular algorithms concentrated on symptom evaluation and administration (Billings Halstead, 2015). This stresses the need to individualize torment administration methodologies that are guided by algorithms, not controlled by them. Reference list: Alligood, M. R. (2013). Nursing theory: Utilization application. Elsevier Health Sciences. Alligood, M. R. (2014). Nursing theorists and their work. Elsevier Health Sciences. Billings, D. M., Halstead, J. A. (2015).Teaching in nursing: A guide for faculty. Elsevier Health Sciences. Blais, K. (2015).Professional nursing practice: Concepts and perspectives. Pearson. Butcher, H. K., Bulechek, G. M., Dochterman, J. M. M., Wagner, C. (2013).Nursing interventions classification (NIC). Elsevier Health Sciences. Capan, M., Wu, P., Campbell, M., Mascioli, S., Jackson, E. V. (2015). Using electronic health records and nursing assessment to redesign clinical early recognition systems. Health Systems. Cherry, B. and Jacob, S.R., 2016.Contemporary nursing: Issues, trends, management. Elsevier Health Sciences. Dubois, C. A., D'amour, D., Tchouaket, E., Clarke, S., Rivard, M., Blais, R. (2013). Associations of patient safety outcomes with models of nursing care organization at unit level in hospitals. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, mzt019. Huber, D. (2013). Leadership and nursing care management. Elsevier Health Sciences. Ivanov, D., Dolgui, A., Sokolov, B., Werner, F., Ivanova, M. (2016). A dynamic model and an algorithm for short-term supply chain scheduling in the smart factory Industry 4.0. International Journal of Production Research, 54(2), 386-402. Jones, R., Wallis, K., Parsons, E. L. (2016). A survey to investigate the use of nutritional care pathways in the community. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 29, 52-53. Maillet, ., Mathieu, L., Sicotte, C. (2015). Modeling factors explaining the acceptance, actual use and satisfaction of nurses using an Electronic Patient Record in acute care settings: An extension of the UTAUT.International journal of medical informatics,84(1), 36-47. Masters, K. (2015).Role development in professional nursing practice. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Mill, J. E., Allen, M. N., Morrow, R. A. (2016). Critical theory: Critical methodology to disciplinary foundations in nursing.Canadian Journal of Nursing Research Archive,33(2). Moon, J. A. (2013).Reflection in learning and professional development: Theory and practice. Routledge. Munro, M., Gallant, M., MacKinnon, M., Dell, G., Herbert, R., MacNutt, G., ... Robertson, K. (2016). The Prince Edward Island conceptual model for nursing: a nursing perspective of primary health care. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research Archive, 32(1). Nilsen, P. (2015). Making sense of implementation theories, models and frameworks.Implementation Science,10(1), 53. Ratliff, C. R., Yates, S., McNichol, L., Gray, M. (2016). Compression for Primary Prevention, Treatment, and Prevention of Recurrence of Venous Leg Ulcers: An Evidence-and Consensus-Based Algorithm for Care Across the Continuum. Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing, 43(4), 347. Sandall, J., Soltani, H., Gates, S., Shennan, A., Devane, D. (2016). Midwife?led continuity models versus other models of care for childbearing women. The Cochrane Library. Schmidt, N. A., Brown, J. M. (2014).Evidence-based practice for nurses. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Smith, M. J., Liehr, P. R. (Eds.). (2013).Middle range theory for nursing. Springer Publishing Company. Song, W., Eaton, L. H., Gordon, D. B., Hoyle, C., Doorenbos, A. Z. (2015). Evaluation of evidence-based nursing pain management practice. Pain Management Nursing, 16(4), 456-463. Spross, J. A. (2014). Conceptualizations of Advanced.Advanced practice nursing: An integrative approach, 27. Stanhope, M., Lancaster, J. (2015). Public health nursing: Population-centered health care in the community. Elsevier Health Sciences. Stuart, G. W. (2014).Principles and practice of psychiatric nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. Winters, C.A. ed., 2013.Rural nursing: Concepts, theory, and practice. Springer Publishing Company.

Moscow On The Hudson Essay Example For Students

Moscow On The Hudson Essay The film, Moscow On The Hudson, brings the viewers to the height of the Cold War, during World War II. In the beginning, the movie is set in communist Russia, but it soon advances to democratic America. The Russians thought poorly of Americans, and constantly referred to them as â€Å"whores with disease. † This film proves to Americans how fortunate they are to live in America, where freedom is not just an unapproachable dream, but is a way of life, a reality. Vladimir, the main character, is a Russian, dwelling in the Soviet Union with his family, which includes his mother, father, sister, and grandfather who was a war hero in World War II. In the Soviet Union, Vladimir is a musician in the circus, and plays the saxophone. The circus that he is part of, visits New York. The government poses many restrictions on the group while in America, such as to stay away from the subways, Times Square, Rockefeller Center, and Greenwich Village. In New York, the foreigners are in total awe. This was an entirely new experience to them. Some instances why this was completely stunning to them were they were able to get toilet paper, which was a luxury to them, practically anywhere, whereas in Russia, they may only receive toilet paper when they are told, and must wait on a line that stretches for blocks, also in New York they were able to go shopping, and buy designerwear by famous designers such as Calvin Kline. The main appeal of America, though, was freedom. As the Russians receive their last taste of America and its freedom, by shopping at Bloomingdales, while Vladimir’s friend is too much of a coward to follow through, Vladimir defects in the department store, causing complete chaos. Vladimir’s decision to defect was an audacious one, knowing he would have to sacrifice seeing his family, grandfather, or girlfriend again, and not knowing a soul in America, take the risk to try to get by on his own, and if he was not offered citizenship, then he would be sent to a mental institution back in Russia. Two of the department store’s employees befriend him. Lionel Witherspoon, the security guard, and Lucia, the Italian immigrant, who also is awaiting citizenship, from behind the perfume counter, who becomes more than just his friend. Lionel teaches him the way of life in the United States. Witherspoon introduces him to Orlando, a lawyer, to help him become a citizen. He tells Vladimir, â€Å"America is a strange and wonderful place. † Vladimir soon adjusts to the American lifestyle, and goes to night school, where he learns to read and write. He takes upon many jobs, such as cleaning tables at a restaurant, a sales job, a hotdog stand, McDonalds, drives taxi part time, and a limo driver. Also, Vladimir buys his own apartment. Vladimir had yet to learn that America was not the fantasy he had been enduring. Lucia utterly crushes his heart when she tells him she never wants to see him again, but worst of all, while walking into his apartment, he is held at gunpoint, and mugged. As a consequence, he had a black eye. This incident totally altered his positive attitude towards America. Vladimir revolts against America, and feels that New York now daunts him. He actually longed to go back to Russia. In the midst of his revolt, he states, â€Å"If freedom exists here in America than she is an orphan,† meaning that America is alone if people think freedom actually exists, because of the crime rate, etc. Orlando helps him to calm this short-term fit, and modify his temporary beliefs. He tells him about waiting on line for bread, etc. Vladimir is once again proud to be in America. .uf8c4bd853eb796f62f806383854eaab2 , .uf8c4bd853eb796f62f806383854eaab2 .postImageUrl , .uf8c4bd853eb796f62f806383854eaab2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf8c4bd853eb796f62f806383854eaab2 , .uf8c4bd853eb796f62f806383854eaab2:hover , .uf8c4bd853eb796f62f806383854eaab2:visited , .uf8c4bd853eb796f62f806383854eaab2:active { border:0!important; } .uf8c4bd853eb796f62f806383854eaab2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf8c4bd853eb796f62f806383854eaab2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf8c4bd853eb796f62f806383854eaab2:active , .uf8c4bd853eb796f62f806383854eaab2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf8c4bd853eb796f62f806383854eaab2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf8c4bd853eb796f62f806383854eaab2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf8c4bd853eb796f62f806383854eaab2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf8c4bd853eb796f62f806383854eaab2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf8c4bd853eb796f62f806383854eaab2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf8c4bd853eb796f62f806383854eaab2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf8c4bd853eb796f62f806383854eaab2 .uf8c4bd853eb796f62f806383854eaab2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf8c4bd853eb796f62f806383854eaab2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Twin Peaks - Who Killed Laura Palmer? EssayIt is ironic how in the end of the movie, we discover that the man forcing him to go back to Russia, now lives in America and works at a hotdog stand. He describes America to Vladimir as â€Å"strange and wonderful. † This film presented to its audience, the difference of the way people act, and the diverse ways of life that communists live under and people abiding in a democratic society. The people being forced to live under communism can only ideate what life as a â€Å"free† citizen is like. This movie demonstrates a foreigner’s struggle to live his life with every American’s natural born right, â⠂¬Å"freedom. †

Business Structure and Sustainability

Different organizations manage workforce in different ways. Some value workforce indefinitely while others do not. According to Ford, it is very difficult for top management to treat employees as commodities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business Structure and Sustainability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He observed how workers were punished when they committed simple mistakes and performed tasks like a machine while they kept silent. This made him comment that â€Å"A great business is really too big to be human†. Though Ford was not pleased by how the employees were working, Green (2008) points that a business as an entity cannot exist without workforce The main feature of personnel management involves coordination within a department as well as collaboration with other units in the organization. Human resource management is a challenging function. Different personnel have different personalities, and they all have to be catered for by the human resource management. It is up to the human resource management to note the difference between the different employees and make use of those abilities for the personal development of the employees and for the development of the organization as well (Willard Hitchcock, 2006). Corporate organizations have different structures that are suited for the management styles of the particular organizations. It is up to management of the organization to determine the organizational structure that would lead to achievement of the mission and vision of the organization, while at the same time ensuring that the human resources are efficiently utilized. The employees of a company should be made to feel that they are appreciated and valued so as to increase their productivity. One of the ways of ensuring this happens is through establishing of clear roles through an effective and well defined organizational structure (Fisher, 2009). Nowadays, busines ses face more challenging tasks since many of them have been set up and are always coming up with new competitive ways so that they can try and stay afloat of the competition in the market. One of the best ways that has been repeatedly used by businesses is the employee retention strategies by human resource departments.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Once the best of employees have been selected from a pool of applicants, organizations must put effort to ensure that they retain those employees and that the employees remain as highly productive as possible (Florence, Henderson D’Amato, 2009). Establishing the best possible organizational structure, hiring and retaining the best employees should be accompanied by the constant renewal of the values, mission and objective of the organization. Leaders in corporate organizations should make use of management styles such as management by walking around (MBWA) to ensure that the employees on the ground feel valued and to make them feel that leaders are aware of the progress of work and are informed in time of any problems in the organization so that solutions can be found in good time so that focus remains on achievement of the goals and objectives of the organization (Florence, Henderson D’Amato, 2009). Development and training helps employees to perform their tasks in an effective manner in translating ideas into products. Business Corporations provides a base for provision of essential human quests. Corporate organizations have been providing a better way of acquiring skills and experiences that can be competitively rewarded in the market. Thus, it provides a means through which employees can achieve prosperity beyond their expectations, a role which was majorly played by churches and cultures. Overall, creating a corporation structure that is built on capital and talent increases the indi vidual’s ability to create wealth (Fisher, 2009). Directing and controlling human resources is one of the major tactical tasks in an organization. Human resources in an organization are responsible for making their own congruent decision on all that they see as best for their life. Directing human personnel in an organization should be done in a skillful manner to ensure that the personnel are satisfied to perform their tasks in effective and efficient manner (Galea, 2004). Poor treatment of employees is one of the major reasons that cause some organizations to develop poor reputations. Corporate organizations should strive to achieve high reputation in their line of business so that they can be able to attract the best and highly qualified employees in an organization. The human resource policies that are established in an organization should clearly indicate and be proof of the commitment of the corporate organization to the quality performance of the employees (Fisher, 200 9).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business Structure and Sustainability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nowadays, business sustainability is a prime factor in the longevity of business organizations. Consumers are more aware and demanding of responsibility and accountability of organizations to the environment. Most scientists have emphasized about the importance of treating the environment in a manner that will not deplete the available natural resources. Corporate organizations are encouraged to promote good use, cleaning up and conversation of the environment. Those organizations that are involved in environmental conversation are able to use the same concept in attracting of consumers (Galea, 2004). Managers should always understand that humans are not machines; hence, they should be handled with a lot of care. Control and directing of the work force should always be accompanied by good communication rela tionship in an organization. The gap between managers and the workforce should always be minimal to enhance better relationship between managers and employees (Florence, Henderson D’Amato, 2009). Managers should handle employee grievances in an effective manner to ensure that employees are satisfied with the managers’ decision. Any action directed to the employees should be put forth in a proper way to avoid complaints and dissatisfaction by employees. Some managers treat employees as liabilities instead of treating them as valuable assets as they really are. When employees are treated in a humane way, they feel more confident when they approach employers. Such an environment can inspire motivation and creativity which is critical in the organizations (Galea, 2004). The long term success of organizations is dependent on decisions that managers make in regard to the organizational structure, the mission of the company, the human resources of the organization and the ma nagement style used by the manager. A lot of time should be spent on the organization and the relevant tools that are needed in running the organization so that it survives in the long run and not just in the short term (Florence, Henderson D’Amato, 2009). Different leadership models affect the organizations success in different ways. Managers should always use different leadership styles which could enhance organization success. Human effort to control institutions should be made through decision making and giving room for challenges. Employees do not fixed thoughts and emotions that guide them, but they should be treated in different ways because that is one of the ways of increasing their productivity at the workplace and increasing their morale (Holden, 2007).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Large numbers of leading organizations in Japan, China, US and Europe have had an increasing commitment to the future growth and sustainability. They have been launching different programs to enhance social and environmental performance of their products facilities, processes and services (Holden, 2007). One of the greatest challenges facing the companies is the way of tracking their progress and communicating it to the employees and other business stakeholders. Opportunities for growth are coming up indefinitely. Future business sustainability depends on how business leaders will use the necessary information available to them in anticipating for the future growth and sustainability (Galea, 2004). For businesses to remain competitive in the global market, they should come up with strategies that put them on top or afloat of the existing competition in the market. Businesses should also ensure that the strategies that they come up with are solid so that they are sustainable in the l ong run and they lead to long term success and presence in the market. Successful businesses recognize that the strategies or tact that they come up with reflects on their integrity and therefore, determines the kind of consumers that they attract and or retain (Holden, 2007). Organizations should acquire the skills and tact of experienced managers who are ready to work hands on to ensure long term goals are achieved and that the missions and objectives of the organization are implemented in a manner that promotes long term sustainability of the organization (Holden, 2007). Most business leaders lack the foresight to anticipate the future making it difficult for them to develop future organizational strategy to solve the adverse changes in market demand. Addressing the future market demand has been a great challenge to the business leaders in developing their strategies for the long term business sustainability and future growth due to the increased emergence of new entrants in the market which could pose a threat to the business (Galea, 2004). Customers have also become more rational than before, thus, sustaining the market share in the market becomes a great challenge to the business. New entrants compete extensively with market leaders by offering products at reduced prices to attract potential customers. This action has resulted in unpredictable changing profits for businesses. Some companies have had their post tax profits decrease below an average estimated rate. Environmental pressure and global change in population has posed threat to the business leader’s success in sustainability. These pose organizational challenges that leaders should tackle for organizational success to be achieved (Willard Hitchcock, 2006). Leaders require clarity in articulating the vision and making a clear picture for the future. The right amount of capital should also be made available to leaders so that they can carry out the necessary organizational objectives that are necessary for the organization to run and achieve long term sustainability (Willard Hitchcock, 2006). Business leaders are therefore, required to lead their business with confidence and have courage in taking a stand. Different environment variables should be expected and prepared for. For example, Motorola Company has been experiencing global changes challenge. The company has however been trying to remain competitive in the industry through provision of new innovative equipment as a technology company. Good business leadership is one of the most important factors that are necessary for an organization to remain in the market even when the competition gets very stiff. An effective leader in an organization should ensure that he or she motivates the employees to raise their morale and positively impact their productivity (Philip, 2010). Future growth and sustainable growth depends on organizational leaders’ ability to anticipate changes, embrace social responsibility, de monstrate leadership and exercising and use of their talent power to the maximum. In terms of corporate social responsibility, corporate organizations’ leaders should organize events that portray the organizations as being responsible and accountable of the contribution of the environment to their performance (Willard Hitchcock, 2006). For example, companies could organize to have tree planting events in areas that have been identified as prime for tree planting by the government. The organization could also pay company participation fees for employees to take part in marathons that have a theme that helps members of the community such as heart and eye surgeries for those that can afford the surgeries in the community (Nurdin, 2008). Business environments have changed to being global. More networking and cross culture leaders and employees are present in markets. Leaders in corporate organizations should indeed look for the best ways of encouraging the workforce in a collabo rative and creative manner. An environmental impact makes it difficult for the business market demand to be sustained, hence, the organization should ensure that it uses the correct skills and talent to help translate new demand forces to skills requirement. If the talent becomes more competitive, it becomes difficult for the business to retain the potential people in the organization. Therefore, organizations should maintain high levels and standards of performance so that they remain competitive to employees (Tittel, 2000). Funds are needed in organizations for many functions including the financing of initiatives and projects training of employees. This requires transferring investment funds to construct a road for knowledge and management skills. An increase in the rate of baby boomers exiting the workforce impacts the business talent pool. The business leaders should ensure that they maintain the organizational talent to enhance business growth and sustainability in future (Wil lard Hitchcock, 2006). Business leaders have been cited as not working extra mile in sustaining the top performing employees thus, having difficult in building the competitive strategy which would enhance the organizations existence in the market. Raymond, (2010) argued that innovation is very crucial in an organization as it equips employees with new ideas which are very crucial for successful business growth. To some leaders measuring sustainability performance in relation to the business process has been a big issue in determining the path that should be taken for the success of their organizations. It is necessary for business leaders to have sustainability performance measurement methods which could help them determine their business performance and level of sustainability. Business leaders and mangers can use performance results to make changes to the organization strategic plans to ensure sustainable performance is achieved in an organization (Raymond, 2010). Corporate organ izations’ leaders have the challenging task of being on the lead in promoting sustainable use of resources in the environment by reducing waste and pollution to the environment. Employees that are hired should be aware of sustainability not just in environmental perspective but also in economic and social fields. If and when employees understand and appreciate the vision of an organization, they are more likely to be committed to the achievement of that organizational objective. Organizational structures that are established and implemented should reflect the need and objective of the organization to stay in the market in the long run. References Fisher, D. (2009). Corporate sustainability planning assessment guide: a comprehensive organizational assessment. Washington DC: American Society for quality press. Florence, S, Henderson, S D’Amato, A. (2009). Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Business: A Guide to Their Leadership Tasks and Functions. New York, NY: Center for Creative Leadership Galea, C. (2004).Teaching Business Sustainability: From theory to practice. London: Greenleaf publishing. Green, C. (2008).Entrepreneurship: Ideas in Action. London: Cengage learning. Holden, E. (2007). Achieving sustainable mobility: everyday and leisure-time travel in the EU. Canada: Ashgate publishing. Nurdin, G. (2008). International business control, reporting and corporate governance. Oxford: Elsevier. Philip, S. (2010). Sustainable Growth in a Post-Scarcity World: Consumption, Demand, and the.Canada: Gower publishing ltd. Raymond, W, Y (2010). Sustainable economy: corporate, social and environmental responsibility. London: World scientific publishing company. Tittel, P. (2000). Ethical issues in business: inquiries, cases, and readings. Canada: Broadview press. Willard, L Hitchcock, D. (2006).The business guide to sustainability: practical strategies and tools for Organizations. London: Earthscan publishers. This essay on Business Structure and Sustainability was written and submitted by user Kody D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Musical Themes in Conan the Barbarian

Musical Themes in Conan the Barbarian Thesis statement Those who had been introduced to the history of cinematography are well aware of the fact that, even before the beginning of a ‘talkie’ era, musical accompaniment played rather important role in highlighting movies’ semantic significance. As it was pointed out by Gianetti, ‘(prior to 1927) In the large city theaters, full orchestras provided atmospheric background to the visuals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Musical Themes in the Film Conan the Barbarian specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In small towns, a piano was often used for the same purpose.’[1] Nevertheless, it was namely after sound became integrally incorporated into movies’ representational matrix that the full potential of utilizing musical scores in cinematography was revealed, especially in the case of classically edited films. The reason for this is simple – given the fact that in classic ally edited movies, directors strive to ensure the semiotic plausibility of every single scene as their foremost objective; it naturally predisposes them towards emphasizing takes’ psychological integrity. And, the best way to accomplish it is to represent characters’ behavioral three-dimensionality as being dialectically predetermined – that is, to show the qualitative essence of characters’ existential mode as such that correlates with the affiliated environment/background. The utilization of appropriate musical themes comes particularly helpful in this respect, as it substantiates the realness of film’s themes and motifs, reflected in the manner of how characters react to life’s challenges. In this paper, we will aim to explore earlier articulated thesis at length, while referring to John Milius’s 1982 famous film Conan the Barbarian, featuring musical score by Basil Poledouris, as we believe that this film represents a particularl y notable example how the utilization of thematically appropriate music in cinematographic work can endow it with an aura of historicity – hence, ensuring its cult status. Analytical part The viewing of Conan the Barbarian leaves very little doubt as to the fact that, semantically speaking, the conceptual genre of this movie closely relates to the genre of Scandinavian sagas, which glorify the virtue of physical strength while exposing it as being deeply affiliated with corresponding psychological traits of courageousness, loyalty and one’s commitment to its sense of duty. Therefore, it comes as no particular surprise that the themes and motifs, contained in Milius’s film, endorse essentially Nordic outlook on surrounding realities, the qualitative essence of which is being defined by an ongoing confrontation between Good (Light) and Evil (Darkness).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 1 5% OFF Learn More While referring to the subtleties of movie’s plot, Saunders states, ‘It is immediately clear who the villains of this piece are supposed to be†¦ atavistic, bestially inclined black man, who worship the Edenic serpent, as opposed to Conan’s ‘Crom,’ a singular, anthropomorphic Norse-type deity.’[2] Apparently, while composing music for Conan the Barbarian, Poledouris never ceased being aware of what accounted for Wagnerian operas’ immense popularity in Western ecumene – namely the fact that the motifs of these operas corresponded rather well with the workings of White people’s archetypical psyche. The same can be said about the music of John Williams, featured in Star Wars space opera – just as it being the case with Poledouris’s musical themes, written for Conan the Barbarian, Williams’s music invokes White people’s subconscious belief in ever-present dualit y of life’s emanations and in the eventual triumph of quality over quantity. According to Paulus, ‘Both of them (Wagner’s operas and Williams’ musical scores) deal with largely mythological themes†¦ In both of them we find a clear division of leitmotifs into Good (Light) and Bad (Darkness) themes.’[3] Therefore, it is not only that in Conan the Barbarian Poledouris’s themes provide a musical background to unfolding of the plot, but also validate plot’s soundness, which in its turn is being concerned with exploring the motif of a single hero coming out a winner from confrontation with impossible odds. As it was noted by Gianatti in the book from which we have already quoted, ‘Beginning with the opening credits, music can serve as a kind of overture to suggest the mood or spirit of the film as a whole.’[4] This is exactly the role that the Prologue theme fulfills in Conan the Barbarian. Despite the fact that this theme only features an ominously sounding drumbeat, it nevertheless establishes an objective precondition for viewers to be implanted with a sensation that they are about to watch a highly epical story of one’s rise to power (00.00.02). Narrator’s introductory monologue, ‘Let me tell of about the days of high adventure’ (00.01.30) strengthens this impression even more – from the very beginning of a movie, viewers’ exposal to the Prologue theme, helps them to adopt a proper cognitive mood.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Musical Themes in the Film Conan the Barbarian specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Just as it is being the case with most Faustian (Western) heroes, the character of Conan is being initially represented emanating innocence. This is exactly the reason why the pitch, tone and timbre of the beginning of Riddle of Steel theme, which provides a musical background to the sce ne in which young Conan is shown fishing (05.58.00), is best described as rather subdued. Nevertheless, as movie progresses further, the scene of inhabitants of Conan’s village taking care of their domestic affairs gets to be abruptly replaced with the scene of Doom riders advancing towards the village (00.07.11). The sheer sensation of danger, emanated by this particular scene, is being acoustically replicated by corresponding Riders of Doom theme, which radiates the spirit of a military action – cruel, prompt and decisive. After Conan gets to be sold into slavery by evil Thulsa Doom, he is being led to the Wheel of Pain, in order to be chained up to it and to push the handles of this wheel 24/7, so that the wheel could be rotating non-stop, regardless of the time of the year or weather. The watching of this scene is absolutely crucial for anyone who wants to gain an insight into what constituted Conan’s psychological makeup – apparently, director wanted to emphasize the fact that Conan was not born a ‘natural fighter’ but was turned into a fighter by being subjected to the years and years of systematic abuse, which nevertheless did not break Conan spiritually. The listening of correlative Wheel of Pain theme (00.15.10) legitimizes audiences’ perception of Conan as a surrogate-Jesus, who was gaining strength while being humiliated. Just as it is being usually the case in Wagnerian operas, the beginning of this theme features clearly melodic but rather subdued and monotonous sounding, supplemented by a muffled drumbeat. Nevertheless, as it unravels, the theme begins to sound ever more emotionally intense and eventually reaches its heroically sounding climax in the scene when grown up Conan lifts up his head in rather defiant manner (00.16.33). Thus, the implications of this particular musical theme are quite clear – it substantiates viewers’ initial perception of Conan as ‘hero in makingâ€⠄¢. As Spottiswood had put it, ‘Musical leitmotifs act as emotives and assist the visual film towards insight into the characters they are attached to.’[5] This is why, despite the fact that throughout movie’s entirety Conan does not talk very much, viewers recognize his act as being rationally motivated.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The validity of an earlier statement can also be explored in film’s consequential parts that feature Poledouris’s music playing in the background. For example, in the scene where Conan and his friend Subotai walk through the town (00.37.59), the beginning of a corresponding Civilization theme appears slightly atonal, which was meant to highlight Conan’s attitude towards Eastern exotics that he associates with the absence of a fresh air. Yet, once Conan and Subotai again find themselves in the middle of open plains, the music adopts back its epic sounding (00.38.09). Consequently, viewers are being provided with an additional clue as to the essence of Conan’s existential identity as someone who simply cannot be corrupted and who appreciates freedom above all. At the same time, given the fact that Conan the Barbarian is classically edited movie, it would be wrong to think of Poledouris’s music in the film as such that serves the purpose of accentuati ng characters’ psychological identity alone. In the same scene that we have already mentioned, the inclusion of Civilization theme helps to ensure the linear continuity between scene’s takes. Such our idea connects well with Gorbman’s suggestion that the inclusion of appropriately sounding musical scores in films does help viewers to become a part of cinematographic action, ‘The musical score can act to promote continuity or to punctuate, as well as to comment on emotional states in the dramatic action.’[6] For example, without Poledouris’s music playing in the background, the consequential shots of Conan eating some rotten meat off the stick (00.37.54), giving mean looks to bystanders (38.03.00), and then running through the open fields (00.38.09) would make little rational sense. As a result, this would undermine film’s time-related integrity. Nevertheless, the fact that, while being exposed to these shots, viewers simultaneously get to listen to Civilization theme, provides them with the sensation of ‘time compression’ – even though these shots are being flashed on the screen for duration of only few seconds, we get to perceive them as being rather spatially extended. In his book, Gianetti had made a perfectly valid point while suggesting that the role of music in films is being also concerned with helping viewers to orient in the actual settings, ‘Certain kinds of music can suggest locales, classes, or ethnic groups.’[7] In the scene where Conan sneaks into the Church of Serpent (00.43.44), there is the Serpent theme playing in the background that feature clearly defined Oriental undertones. Thus, by being exposed to this theme, viewers do not only gain a better understanding of the locale, where action takes place, but they are also being implanted with a sense of alienation from this specific locale as something inheritably wicked. In its turn, this helps to substantiate fil m’s conceptual premise as to the fact that it is namely one’s willingness to assess surrounding reality through the lenses of euro-centric rationale, and not through the lenses of some primeval mysticism/spirituality (as it is usually the case with non-Whites), which establishes objective preconditions for such individual to come as a winner out of confrontation with evil. The same can be said about the Orgy theme, the sounding of which provides contextual integrity to the scene in which Conan and his friends make an unwelcomed appearance in Thusla Doom’s actual headquarters, inside the Mountain of Doom (01.27.58). There can be very little doubt that the sounding of this particular theme is being reminiscent to the sounding of Catholic chants. In its turn, this helped Milius to subtly promote his outlook on just about any Eastern religion (such as Christianity, for example) as being spiritually alien to physically and mentally healthy White males, embodied by th e character of Conan. Apparently, it was not simply an accident that movie’s opening credits feature Friedrich Nietzsche’s famous statement: ‘that which does not kill us makes us stronger’. In his article, Pecora points out to the fact that Milius had conceived Conan the Barbarian as ideologically engaged movie, ‘His (Nietzsche’s) name will come up in the most unlikely contexts - quoted suddenly by avowed ‘Zen fascist’ John Milius at the opening of his Conan the Barbarian.’[8] In all probability, it was Nietzsche’s anti-religious stance that attracted Milius to his philosophy and had consequentially prompted him to utilize Poledouris’s musical score to mock Christianity as the religion of decay and corruption. After all, Poledouris himself had never made secret of his fascination with Nietzsche’s philosophical insights. As we have stated earlier, when assessed from structuralist point of view, Conan th e Barbarian closely reminds Scandinavian epic sagas. Therefore, it is quite explainable why film’s climax is being shifted towards its very end, when Conan indulges in the battle with Doom Riders and consequentially decapitates Thulsa Doom – hence, attaining the Nietzschean status of a ‘lion-child’. This also explains why Battle of the Mounds theme, featured as the musical background to this particular scene, is the most memorable of all. Unlike what it is being the case with the rest of Poledouris’s music, presented in the film, the movements of Battle of the Mounds theme match Conan’s act with perfect exactness. At the beginning of a scene, where Conan and his friends are being shown making preparations for the battle, the corresponding theme emanates the feeling of an anticipation – there is not that much of an actual music but largely the rhythmical drumbeat, supplemented by symphonic elements (01.46.19). Nevertheless, as soon as D oom Riders show up on the horizon, the symphonic overtones of a theme begin to sound progressively louder (01.48.30) – hence, signifying the sheer ferociousness of Thulsa Doom’s cavalry charge. The scene culminates when, after having waited for Doom’s horsemen to approach, Conan hits the closest rider in the belly with his axe (01.49.39), which is being immediately followed by a dramatic rise in the affiliative theme’s tone and pitch. It is needles to mention, of course, that while editing this particular scene, Milius succeeded rather spectacularly with conveying movie’s foremost message to the viewers: ‘All that matters is that few stood against many. That is important’ (01.49.03). And, the fact that in Conan the Barbarian Poledouris’s compositions provide a musical background to the action on the screen, had helped him enormously in this respect. Conclusions The earlier conducted analysis of what accounts for the significance of Poledouris’s music in Milius’s movie, allows us to come with the following set of conclusions, regarding the discussed subject matter: The foremost role that Poledouris’s musical score appears to play in Conan the Barbarian is being concerned with prompting viewers to assess the implication of a screen-action through the lenses of existential idealism – that is, by being exposed to this music, viewers are expected to eventually adopt Milius’s heroic life-philosophy as their own. Given clearly Wagnerian sounding and stylistic refinement of Poledouris’s music, we can safely assume that Milius had largely succeeded in that. In Conan the Barbarian, the function of Poledouris’s music is also being concerned with substantiating the psychological plausibility of characters’ behavior. Given the fact that the foremost aesthetic feature of film’s music is the sheer extent of its dramaticism, it comes as no surprise for the vi ewers that, throughout movie’s entirety, the character of Conan acts in essentially heroic manner. In Milius’s film, music is also being utilized to invoke a variety of unconscious anxieties, in regards to one’s physical appearance, deep within viewers’ psyche, which in its turn, prompts them to consciously subscribe to the idea that the notion of physical beauty/strength and the notion of intellectual integrity derive out of each other. Poledouris’s musical score, featured in Conan the Barbarian, makes it easier for the viewers to follow the unfolding of the plot, as it encourages them to think of plot’s developments as being dialectically predetermined. We believe that the conclusions, we have come up with, confirm the validity of paper’s initial hypothesis as to the fact that the utilization of thematically appropriate music in movies helps directors to increase these movies’ aesthetic appeal to the broader audiences, which in its turn, results in ensuring the concerned films’ commercial success. Reference List Conan the barbarian. video recording. 20th Century Fox. 1982. Giannetti, L, Understanding movies, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2001. Gorbman, C, ‘Music as Salvation: Notes on Fellini and Rota’. Film Quarterly, vol. 28, no. 2, 1975, pp. 17-25. Paulus, I, ‘Williams versus Wagner or an attempt at linking musical epics’,  International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music, vol. 31, no. 2, 2000, pp. 153-184. Pecora, V, ’Nietzsche, genealogy, critical Theory’. New German Critique, no. 53, 1991, pp. 104-130. Saunders, D, Arnold: Schwarzenegger and the Movies, I.B. Tauris, London, 2009. Spottiswoode, R, A Grammar of the film: An analysis of film  technique, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1962. Footnotes L Giannetti, Understanding movies, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2001, p. 209. D Saunders, Arnold: Schwarzenegger and the M ovies, I.B. Tauris, London, 2009, p. 51. I Paulus, ‘Williams versus Wagner or an attempt at linking musical epics’. International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music, vol. 31, no. 2, 2000, p. 158. Gianetti, p. 222. R Spottiswoode, A Grammar of the film: An analysis of film technique, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1962, p. 193. C Gorbman, ‘Music as Salvation: Notes on Fellini and Rota’. Film Quarterly, vol. 28, no. 2, 1975, p. 17. Gianetti, p. 223. V Pecora, ’Nietzsche, Genealogy, Critical Theory’. New German Critique, no. 53, 1991, p. 104.

Social Interaction of Those with Genius IQs Essay

Social Interaction of Those with Genius IQs - Essay Example In the course of the research, varying and opposing definitions of genius were arrived at. The term genius was at first referred to as a "man endowed with superior faculties" referring to some popular figures as the famous author and lexicographer Dr. Samuel Johnson, Albert Einstein, Immanuel Kant, Abraham Lincoln, Isaac Newton, Leonardo da Vinci and many others. It was also referred to as a quality, "that everyone possessed, an animating spirit that represented one's character and interests as much as one's ability". Through time, there were changes in the understanding of the term and was then associated with "one's natural ability or talent, and eventually with the special ability of a few". (Benet, 2005) In some other references as in the article of David Every, he insinuated to link genius to insanity, and gave a definition "an abnormal IQ, to the point where the person is 1.5 times as "logical" as the average person, or basically testing beyond the 98th percentile (3rd or 4th deviation)". (2006) Genius was also linked to psychoticism as some form of madness, "associated with an above-average level of psychological disturbance, though in combination with high general intelligence". (Brand, n.d.) However, in the more recent century, when the interests shifted to psychometric methods of assessment, the term genius became associated with the quantitative concept "Intelligence Quotient or IQ". Intelligence Quotient Intelligence Quotient or IQ is "the ratio of an individual's estimated mental age and chronological age multiplied by 100". Alfred Binet, a French psychologist developed the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale in 1905 that measured the intelligence quotient. The initial IQ classification geared a scale of, IQ -140 and over as genius or near genius, 120-140 as very superior intelligence, 110-120 as superior intelligence, 90-110 as normal or average intelligence, 80-90 as dullness, 70-80 as borderline deficiency, 50-69 as moron, 20-49 as imbecile and below 20 as idiot. The classification changed in 1997 by the David Welcher - the Adult Intelligence Scale, which classified IQ -130 and above as very superior, 120-129 as superior, 110-119 as high average, 90-109 as average, 80-89 as low average, 70-79 as borderline and 69 and below as extremely low. Welcher's terminologies used were noticeably more considerate and humane and avoided type casting. The term genius was not used anymore. (Benet, C lassification n.d.) Intelligence and Genius The conflicting issue is that studies did not show clear relationship with IQ and the popular meaning of genius. It was noted that IQs of popular personalities were approximated in the above 130 or genius level. But the concept used is that of popularity. The word genius was derived from the Latin word, "gignere" which meant to beget or to produce. The reference to genius is one's ability to create something, which, the IQ tests did not measure. Albert Einstein was, according to sources, not an achiever as a child. The development of his speech was delayed and he dropped out of his early school years. He was also report to have failed in the college admission test in Zurich. But Einstein was recognized