Sea Water Intrusion in Estuaries Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sea Water Intrusion in Estuaries - Article Example The results obtained using the model includes the measure of water level, discharge and salinity level. These have shown good agreement with the observed results. Also, a direct relationship between longitudinal salt dispersion with flood-ebb loop length and tidal efficiency is also confirmed in this study (Nguyen et al, 2008b). The prediction of the salinity distribution in the complex situations like multi-channel estuaries like Mekong delta have also been reported in the literature (Nguyen and Savenije, 2006). Mekong delta is unique in its character. It has large number of branches and transports huge quantity of water (2000 cu.m per second) even during summer. The prediction model is framed on the principle that the multi-channel estuarine system would function as single entity and the paired branches could be appropriately combined to one. The results obtained from the analysis show that steady state models could predict the salinity levels very well. They could also explain the equilibrium conditions established in the estuaries during variable flow period especially during the dry seasons. Also, authors have computed the system response time for Mekong also. The data used in the paper was collected during the period 1991 to 1998. As Mekong delta is a very active morphologically, it's topography too is undergoing continuous change due to the transport of sediments through the river. Hence, the model would require continuous improvement by incorporating the recent topographical details. Further, the model also has parameters like mean estuary depth and river discharge that have high degree of uncertainty (Nguyen and Savenije, 2006). Determination of fresh water discharge is essential for quantification of salinity distribution. In the case of very low flows the salinity distribution is observed to be maximum. But the low fresh water flows coupled with high tidal flows make the accurate estimate of fresh water discharges very difficult. And in the case of Mekong delta, the multi channel characteristics make the accurate direct determination of discharge computation very cumbersome. A reliable model has been proposed to estimate the river discharge under the above situations (Nguyen et al, 2008a). The principle applied in this process is the reverse calculation, from the known values of salinity distribution the authors have developed equations to determine the river discharge. In this connection, two separate approaches have been attempted for different clusters of rivers in this basin. In the first approach, based on the information on the salinity distribution and estuarine shape of each branch the discharge i n the individual branches is computed. And in the other approach, from the combined shape of estuarine branches and the salinity distribution, the combined discharge is estimated. These analytical models could be used to compute the river discharges in multi channel estuarine regions by collecting the salinity distributions (Nguyen et al, 2008a). References Nguyen, A.D. and Savenije, H.H.G Salt intrusion in multi channel estuaries : a case study in Mekong delta, Vietnam, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 10, 2006, 743 -754. Nguyen, A.D., Savenije, H.H.G, Pham, D N and Tang, D T, Using salt intrusion measurements to determine the freshwater discharge distribution over

Capital budgeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Capital budgeting - Essay Example The criteria for selection of projects is that any project evaluated having positive NPV should be undertaken. This method has the advantage of being that it recognizes the time value of money and risks associated with projected future cash flows. However, it has the limitation of not taking into account the scarcity of capital, and secondly, it’s overly simple (Baker and Kent 2005 pp. 234-86). The profitability index is also known as a cost-benefit ratio it works by ascertaining whether an investment is viable and how much profit will result from it. PI is evaluated as follows;Profitability Index = (Net Present Value + Initial Investment) / Initial InvestmentThe criteria for accepting a project is that if the PI is greater than one it should be accepted otherwise it should be rejected. Its drawbacks and advantages are similar to those of NPV (Pogue 2010 pp.86-146).IRR as investment evaluation technique is widely accepted and cushions against NPV and PI limitations. An interna l rate of return also known as the discounted cash flow rate of return offers a means to financial analysts to quantify the rates of return an investment is envisioned to bring if implemented. It is calculated NPV =∑_(n=0)^Nââ€"’Cn/ã€â€"(1+r)ã€â€"^n = 0 Which is equivalent to NPV/(1+IRR)^year) of all positive and negative cash flows While evaluating investments using IRR any project which has an internal rate of return greater than the opportunity cost of a project usually taken to be a weighted average cost of capital-WACC are accepted.

Financial Management for Small Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Financial Management for Small Business - Essay Example In this case, it is critical to form a business plan to assist the agency’s long term objectives. This is especially if it is the first time trying to make it in this entrepreneurial venture (BARRINGER, 2008). Some of the aspects that surround this business need addressing so as to make it simpler to deal with the hurdles that these businesses face. This paper will examine such a plan in the car hire service, and how it may impact the growth and development of the business, in the long run. The name of the car hire service company will be Delta. The chosen business needs explaining because not everyone might comprehend the concepts being introduced in the car hire service. It must, therefore, articulate and explain these details to everyone so as to find out what might be needed to make the agency a success. The business plans formulated ought to look at all factors surrounding the business; the good, the bad, and the ugly. It must acknowledge the presence of all factors present in the environment that might enable it to grow, decline, or remain stagnant (FINCH, 2006). In order to attract a wide variety of customers, it is vital to have an image of the cars that are to be hired. In this fast globalising environment, the cars that need hiring are personal that are capable of running for many miles. These include personal cars that can accommodate a fairly large amount of individuals. Nowadays, individuals are keen on having the fun day out while visiting different areas. Having a car hire service that can address these needs is fundamental in the business’s growth. It is vital to understand their needs so as to have the right car to provide the customer (HOSMER, 1976).). Many young couples are interested in cars that are out for their interests. This means that; they want cars that are trendy and lavish to match the new lifestyle (JACKSACK, 1998). The common vehicle models from popular vehicle industries are the

The militarization of our law enforcement agencies in America Research Paper

The militarization of our law enforcement agencies in America - Research Paper Example Owing to the level of criminals sophistication, militarization offers police protective equipment like helmet so that they are equally safe guarded from possible attack. This incude use of armored vests,sophisticated machines guns and trucks fitted with communication gadgets The militarized police must reconcile between keeping the civilians safe while they are on raid. At the same time they must uphold their own safety from possible return gun fire from the criminals. Abiliy to undertake these two responsibilities helps in gaugig the preparedness from the militarization process. The interest of the civiliam must be prioritized through sound preparation mechanisms while carrying out raids.accountability in the event that police raids aount to loss pof life of civilian through negligence or abuse of power is also a concern. Militarization of police is geared towards improving the security of the citizens and ensuring sustained functionality of the government to defend its subjects. This calls for shared responsibility between members of the public and government. Militarization of law enforcement agencies is a positive step towards addressing the surging criminal sophistications. The idea should be given more attention and offered more support by the society at

Economic Race and Gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economic Race and Gender - Essay Example In the chapter five of the book, the writer laments on certain differences that exist in certain quarters of the working fold. In some sectors of the economy, males are actually paid much more than females for the same piece of work done – something the writers lament about. But they are however skeptical and hopes very little for a change pointing to the fact that contracts between employers and employees are mostly kept secret and between the two parties and so evidence for litigation, justice and fairness in issues of difference in occupations and earning are mostly not encouraged. The human capital model is further considered in chapter six of the book. Reviewing beyond the book, Polachek (2004) explains that â€Å"human capital model predicts a smaller gender wage gap as male-female lifetime work expectations become more similar. According to the writers, human capital is the most essential resource for the running of all organizations, institutions and offices – thus the labor market. This means that there is no way the labor market can be sustained or grown without the inputs it gets from the labor market.

Informatics in Dental Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Informatics in Dental Education - Essay Example Yet actual applications and studies in this area are a relatively recent phenomenon. In the world of speed, accuracy and compaction, none would make a dentist's best secretary than the computing systems that virtually rule all areas of life. The benefits that computer and information technology can provide to the field of dentistry may as well set it apart from all the dentistry that has been carried out as a separate era. IT and dentistry have just started to converge, and it is only a matter of time before the full extent of the union will be known. What is heartening to know is the awareness dentists have about the role of computers in their dental setup, and other work places such as educational institutes, and conferences etc.With more and more advancement in the teaching methods around the world, it is not surprising that computers and IT are being utilized as teaching aids to dentistry. These softwares have been given many names, including Computer Aided Instruction or CAI, Computer Assisted Learning or CAL, instructional soft ware, and Computer Based Training or CBT. (Schleyer & Johnson, Nov. 2003) The functions of these soft wares are of two types. While the course management tools are aimed to help teachers maintain their schedules and different aspects of teaching and curriculum methodology, the other use is ways to increase a student's access to the educational material apart from the traditional paper book concept. The use of such materials in dentistry teaching has given many positive feedback comments, as the teach er or instructor is able to choose from a variety of ways to teach a subject. With the help of pictures and presentations and clips, the teacher is able to convey the concepts in a show tell way. The hard wares and the soft wares are mostly integrated in the teaching program. All that remains is for the teachers to be well versed in the using of such tools. (Schleyer & Johnson, Nov. 2003) There are very few researchers who are involved in studying ht effects of digital dentistry, IT and CBT in the overall scene of dental education. Of these the works of Johnson and Schleyer are perhaps the most contributory. These two gentlemen have helped in clearing many of the issues of digital dentistry, while inviting us to understand the different complexities that may be caused by such devices. Awareness of IT and distance education has led to many conclusions. For example, the World Health Organization maintains that students and their cultural differences and requirements should be the prime focus of providing dental education. This can only be achieved by sharing different aspects of curriculum designing and outlining. By providing and sharing this information, it will be easier for students to access different educational pursuits across the world with ease. The use of intra and extra net is another contributory factor that can be implemented within the learning methods and systems. (Yip, 1999) I.T and integration of computer technology will help in building careers and technology skills, increase the information assimilation skills, will expand learning opportunities for those who may not access such directly, help in increasing the level

An esay about the culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

An esay about the culture - Essay Example This particular civilization and culture was one that developed in an isolated area of the globe in which little if any interaction with foreign cultures took place. As a result of this, the unique cultural level of development place within the Eskimo culture was almost entirely naked; not borrowing from the experiences, religions, points of view, or technologies that other cultures might have provided. By means of comparison and contrast, the culture of the Arabs was one that impacted greatly upon other regions in and around those areas that were primarily settled by Arabs. The underlying impact that geography had with regards to this level of cultural development had to act that there were few if any actual barriers within the Arab world between those regions that they colonized, traded with, and impacted in terms of their religion. When viewing North Africa, or the Arabian Peninsula for that matter, is readily noted that few if any barriers exist with respect to individuals freely moving about. As compared to the litany of different cultures, religions, and philosophies that existed within a divided Europe, the similarity and cohesion that existed within the Arab cultures was facilitated by this overall lack of geographic barriers. Finally, the cultures of South America, prior to the introduction of Europeans to this land, were extraordinarily insular. This is not to say that powerful empires such as the Inca did not exist; rather, it merely helps to underscore the fact that even though these powerful empires existed, they only had an immediate cultural impact within a close geographic proximity of themselves. However, unlike the case of the Eskimo culture which is previously been discussed, the issue that was exhibited within South America in pre-Columbian times had to do with the fact that the geography of South America was so formidable and differentiated. Massive rivers, high mountain ranges, deserts, and dense jungles